Norwalk Virus

Norovirus, also known as the â€Å"Norwalk Virus†, is a highly contagious food-related illness that got its name when it was first discovered in Norwalk, Ohio in 1972It is said to be frequently found in cruise ships, daycares and nursing homes that hold large amounts of people in close proximityCauses of Norovirus include a cook or bartender serving food or drink without washing their hands properly, having direct or close contact with someone is infected (touching them and then touching the mouth or nose) and drinking an infected person's water or using their utensilsThe very first cause listed is something an individual may not be able to control, which is why norovirus is so common and contagious.The more ordinary symptoms of norovirus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps, but the more unlikely symptoms consist of headache, a fever, chills and muscle aches3.A person exposed to this illness can expect to develop symptoms within 24 to 48 hours4, which may f eel like a long amount of time, but isn't as bad as other illnesses. More serious effects of Norovirus can include not getting enough nutrients and fluids in your system, which would lead to malnutrition and dehydration5. There is no medicinal treatment for norovirus, but drinking lots of water and sticking to your regular eating schedule will help in avoiding these effects. The person will be contagious from the moment they are ill to at least 3 days after recovery4, so it is best not to touch them or be near them as much as possible as mentioned previously.Shellfish such as oysters and raw fruits and vegetables are the most likely sources if they have been contaminated by unclean water2. Cruise ships serving large amounts of shellfish that wasn't checked for contamination is guaranteed to get at least one passenger sick, which is why it's better to be mindful of this and stick with the foods that you know are safe to eat. Untreateddrinking water is a major source as well that has been linked to norovirus2, so running water through a filter is essential when wanting to avoid norovirus. Proper hygiene and safe food preparation is key when aiming to prevent norovirus. Wash hands with warm water and soap after going to the washroom, before and after preparing food, and changing a dirty diaper4. Constant hand washing will help insure that the bacteria from one object will not remain on your hands and transfer over to another area. Keeping raw meat, poultry and seafood away from other items in your cart when shopping and having a separate grocery bag is very important in terms of making sure cross contamination doesn't occur4. A person can also prevent others from getting Norovirus by not going to work and avoiding travelling for the duration of their illness. Taking a few days off work will speed up the affected person's recovery and not get anyone else ill at the same time.

After the Second World War

After the Second World War, the Western European countries, which were in a rapid development process, tried to meet the deficiencies in their labor supply from neighboring countries in the South, relatively less developed. This request directed to Turkey in the early 60s. Turkish emigration to Western Europe begins by the agreement with Germany made in 1961. This followed similar agreements with Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1964, with France in 1965, and Switzerland in 1967. Additionally, Turkey has implemented its first five-year development plan in 1962. In line with this plan, â€Å"increasing labor exports† was considered a plan goal, along with measures to curb population growth. In the years 1966-67, the German automobile industry, which the Turks worked extensively, had crisis and about 70,000 Turkish workers had fired. Workers who lost their jobs tried to find jobs in neighboring countries such as Holland, Belgium, Denmark, and those who could not find sheltered with their coworkers for a while. The Turkish immigration process which was based on the individual invitation format and the institutional invitation format before bilateral agreements were signed. This process for the central regions, where labor is dominant from the surrounding regions, is the first phase of international labor migration that has never lost its unwavering social, economic, cultural and political dimensions. In the early years of migration until the mid-70s, the majority of immigrants were physically robust men who successfully passed through health checks. This trend gained momentum after 1963 with the partnership agreement signed between Turkey and the EEC. The following governments supported immigration. The promotion of worker' migration has been carried out as the official policy of the Turkish States since the beginning. Due to the economic crisis brought by the oil embargo in Western European countries, there have been significant changes in the structure of Turkish migrants, especially after 1973, when they stopped the recruitment of workers from Turkey. The Family Reunification Act, which first took effect in the Federal Republic of Germany at the beginning of March 1974, created a situation allowing Turkish immigrant workers to bring their family members to the countries they found. Since then, the family reunification process has become the main channel of legal immigration to European countries and has continued with the ongoing applications for marriage, illegal immigration and asylum for political purposes. Based on bilateral agreements with Germany on October 30, 1961 by the state initiated the process of Germany's Turkish emigration was legally terminated with stopping the intake of labor migration from Turkey on November 30, 1973. However, despite all the measures taken during certain periods of the migration movement, it is a known fact that it has been associated with global dynamics and is a systematic migration style.

Comparison of market structures of US retail and housing industry Term Paper

Comparison of market structures of US retail and housing industry - Term Paper Example Where there are four types of market structure which are monopoly, oligopoly, pure competition and monopolistic competition. there are number of factors which determine the market structure which are number and size of firms in the particular market, degree of similarity with competitor’s product, firm’s control over its product’s prices, barriers to entry and exit in the market, and the amount of competition based on non price factor. USA housing industry is classified sector wise in mining, construction, manufacturing, retail, wholesale, real-state, professional, administrative and other. These sectors are interdependent on each other in terms of performance and growth. The effect of US crises on housing industry was devastating as demand for land development turn down largely, now the circumstances are far better and recovering. Whereas US retail industry vends specialized and customized products and offers wide variety of products to the consumers. The change in consumer preference and taste has brought up many new opportunities and challenges for retail industry. Recent recession in US economy has shrank the purchasing power resulting in low sales and ultimately low revenue. The selected US retail industry for analysis is tobacco industry; it retails cigarettes, loose tobacco, cigars and cigarillos, and chewing tobacco. Cigarettes have the highest market share of more than 90% in tobacco industry, whereas others have very low market share with very growth rate. Whereas construction is the selected sector from housing industries, which is the second largest revenue generating industry among others US housing industries. US tobacco retail industry is dominant by few large players namely Philip Morris, Reynolds American and Lorillard which jointly holds 90% of the total market value which is actually very huge percentage and hindrance for the growth of small companies (Zitzewitz, 2003). Cigarettes segment is the dominant segment therefore market structure of this industry depends on its market size, market growth, competition and number of companies operating. Product differentiation is very low in this market whereas barriers to entry are significantly high, and associated companies face non-price competition. This shows that this industry possess oligopoly market structure. The selected US housing industry is construction and engineering, is the second largest in terms of revenue contribution to housing industry whereas it has the highest employment ratio as this sector is highly dependent on human resource. This industry decline by 13.9% in 2010 with a market value of $563.1 billion where as it is forecasted that this industry will show an increase from 2010 to 2015 by 26.2 % with an increased market value of $712.9 billion (Datamonitor, Aug 2011). This US industry contributes 24.7% in the global construction and engineering industry. Players in the market are dependent upon suppliers and buyers, whereas the larg est segment of US construction and engineering industry is non-residential building (Datamonitor, Aug 2011). The market structure of the US construction and engineering industry is determined by five key drivers, which are supplier power, buying power, degree of rivalry, new entrants and number of substitutes available. Barriers to entry are there in the market but industrial growth, accessibility of suppliers and weak brands in the market largely appreciates new entrants. There are various factors which determine the supplier power in US construction and engineering industry which are, the degree to which input is differentiated, forward integration, importance of quality/cost, number of substit

Ethics for a society of humans and automatons Essay

Ethics for a society of humans and automatons - Essay Example Forester and Morrison strongly suggest that â€Å"computer system have often proved to be insecure, unreliable, and unpredictable and that society has yet to come to terms with the consequences†¦.society has become newly vulnerable to human misuse of computers in the form of computer crime, software theft, hacking, the creation of viruses, invasion of privacy, and so on† (ix). The ethical dilemmas however do not rise simply for the fact that there are risks involved with the automatons. More than risks, when the automatons become largely entwined in the daily lives human beings on the earth, we have to deal with many more complex issues which ethically challenge the governance of such a world. Allen, Wallach and Smitt are of the view that â€Å"we can’t just sit back and hope things will turn out for the best. We already have semiautonomous robots and software agents that violate ethical standards as a matter of course. A search engine, for example, might collect data that’s legally considered to be private, unbeknownst to the user who initiated the query† (12). Three Laws of Robotics While we regard ethics in terms of automaton, it is necessary to look at Issac Asimov’s three laws of robotics. These laws were delineated in his famous 1942 short story ‘Runaround’. ... It means if a robot wants to protect in a given situation, it shall not be at the expense of harm to human beings. The ethical laws pertaining to moving machines are considered to be mechanical. Ethics is considered by definition to be anthropocentric. Ethics involves ruminations on living a life which is worthy to live. Asimov’s three laws are an important starting point in understanding machine ethics: â€Å"1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first or second law† (as quoted in Anderson, 477-78). These laws as originally proposed by Asimov imagine automatons as slaves of human beings. Moreover, they are not even considered to be able to exit relatively independent of human beings. Asimov has â₠¬Å"provided an explanation for why humans feel the need to treat intelligent robots as slaves, an explanation that shows a weakness in human beings that makes it difficult for them to be ethical paragons. Because of this weakness, it seems likely that machines like Andrew could be more ethical than most human beings† argues Anderson (478). However, in the present world, the complex interactions take place between humans and automatons take us beyond the purview of these three laws concerning ethical governance of mechanized world. Altering the Ethical Man Albert Einstein put forward the question â€Å"Did God have any choice?† as the big question faced by humanity. In a society of automata, human beings are faced with another question. Did human beings have any choice?

CLUB IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CLUB IT - Essay Example y’s mission will be not only to build a community of muslc lovers by hosting community events, promoting diverse local talent and building and online community and presence. The success of this new mission depends primarily on two related but distinct competitive business strategies: Innovation and differentiation. Ruby’s will differentiate itself from its competition through its focus on three specific musical genres, community building, and live, local music. To do this, it will utilize innovative IT strategies that set it apart before clients even set foot in the club. The new menu at Ruby’s will also reflect this focus , with an emphasis on soul food and Latin dishes, while sticking to a limited, finger-food based selection. The drink menu will be updated with Latin drinks such as mojitos and sangria, while also introducing six popular microbrews and a selection of red and white wine popular with our target clientele demographic. Internet: A major upgrade to the business website is the centerpiece of Ruby’s new competitive strategy. First, the owners have designed a new logo for the new business name, and set up a template for a new website. Look: A video tour and still photos of the newly renovated interior of the club focuses on the dramatic new details and space, however because of our new strategy of emphasizing localness, dancing and community, both the video and still photos of the interior include smiling, happy patrons sipping our distinctive Latin cocktails, wine or foaming microbrews. The new clickable menu includes images of tapas-style appetizers emphasizing Latin and soul themes. Features and Functions: New features and functions of the website emphasize community and local music even before clients enter the venue. First, a detailed calendar includes both live performances and community events with external links to performers’ websites and those of community organizations and business who will host their vents at Ruby’s.

Sainsbury PLC Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sainsbury PLC - Coursework Example This activity would provide adequate information on the acquisitions and business events, major relationships needed, business trends and also the comprehensive analysis of strength and weakness of companies external and internal environment. The methods chosen for undertaking environmental analysis of Sainsbury are: PESTAL analysis, SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces. Also the utility of The Willian Finnie Model, Crook, Ketchen and Snow modelis also included. PESTAL Analysis: The word PESTAL is the acronym for a set of factors that influences any business environment. They are listed as Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environment . The change in political system in region, introduction of new tax laws, regulations and policies like introduction of green policies, changes in the European Union business regulations are the political factors affecting the business environment. The key economic factors that influence the long term strategic planning of Sainsbury are changes in the interest rates, prevailing inflation rates, unemployment and long term growth potential based on national financial policies. The change in demographic profile with respect to the age, socio-cultural preferences, attitudes to various polices and habits, gender priorities in shopping pattern are the major sociological parameters to be incorporated in the analysis. The possible technological changes also need to be understood inorder to assess the environmental influences on the business. This could be change in logistics, change in customers travel pattern, better means of business operations, introduction of cost-saving technology in pro duction and also advances in communication changing the business life cycle time. The physical environment of the business operation is also a vital issue influencing the business growth of Sainsbury. This is related to the waste management issues, pollution control and incorporation various sustainable business operations. One of the major legal issue that influences the business environment of the company is health and safety norms in case of any expansions, mergers or acquisitions. SWOT Analysis The analysis of Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats of Sainsbury and its competitors taking into account both internal and external influences could give better clarity in the strategic planning process (Novicevic et al, 2004). The specific indicators identified in the case of Sainsbury are as follows (Sainsbury , 2006 b & c) Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Huge number of loyal customer base. High reputation and ability to retain the business leadership in UK operations Better brand equity Product scalability Relatively more expensive than competitors Limited growth opportunities Increase in the stores across the country. Enhancing the sales across the Internet. Further improvement in service & products High buying powers of Tesco, Wall mart/Asda or Morrisons. Significant number of low priced supermarkets. Porter's Five Forces. They represent five independent parameters that influence any business environment (Porter, 1991). Industry Competitors: The huge competition exist between different supermarket chain operators. Sainsbury has positioned as a high quality supplier of food products. It constantly reinvents its operation to thwart the treats raised by its close competitors

Adrenoleukodystrophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Adrenoleukodystrophy - Research Paper Example However, promptly managed and cared for, this disorder is somewhat bearable for the individual who has it. But there is no treatment for ALD, only alternative medications that could delay the progression of the disorder. This paper discusses and analyzes childhood cerebral ALD in a patient case study format. An 8 year old boy from Alabama, New York was admitted at the East Alabama Medical Center with issue of continuous darkening of the entire body for 4 years already, continuing deterioration of vision, abnormal behavior and hearing difficulty observed for the last 2 months. At the age of five he began going to school, but was forced to stop because of visual deficiency and low level of attention. Progressively he also began experiencing hearing difficulties. He had one incident of seizure 2 months ago. While confined in the hospital he also exhibited signs of mental illness and experienced vertigo. His previous medical history was average. He was not taking any medications before his hospitalization. There was also nothing unusual in his family background. Test results showed generalized hyper-pigmentation of skin, as well as pigmentation of tongue, gum, and oral mucosa. His blood pressure was stable, and has scattered loss of hair. He has testicular atrophy according to genital tests. Audiometry reports deterioration of sensory-neural hearing in both ears; ophthalmological and neurological tests show bilateral primary optic atrophy. All regular examinations showed normal results, but one test showed high protein, with no alteration in microbiological, glucose, and cell count results (Rosenkilde et al., 1995). The diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy was firmly substantiated by the radiological and biochemical results, and medical history. Afterwards, treatment was initiated with prednisolone and antipsychotic (Rosenkilde et al., 1995). He is currently monitored on a regular basis. The medical

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example bility and performance of the product and services are sustained and improved so that firms are not only able to retain existing customers but also attract new consumers. Thus risk management through effective governance, innovation, knowledge management and value addition become critical elements for protecting and sustaining the value of the products for consumers. All people directly or indirectly associated with the company are called stakeholders. Thus, customers, employees, shareholders, creditors, debtors, suppliers, regulators action groups etc. all become stakeholders in the company as they are, one way or another, affected by the business’ activities (Solomon, 2007. The identification of various stakeholders is important they are linkages that significantly impact the performance of the firm and promote development of society in general. In the contemporary environment of competitive business, the firms are not only motivated by financial benefits but play wider roles in the development of the society as a whole. Various stakeholders ensure that the business is having positive impact on the wider imperatives of social causes like environment, better HR practices, effective CSR practices etc. The analysis of stakeholders also helps the firm to proactively support the community welfare and at the same time, meet the changing preferences of the customers, thereby significantly impacting it productive outcome and improving its image and credibility amongst the stakeholders. The corporate governance gatekeepers are people who are in position to influence the decisions and activities of the management for improved and ethically delivered objectives and goals of the company. The main gatekeepers of the firm are: independent and competent board; independent and competent auditors; objective and competent legal council; and competent financial advisors. The responsibilities of different gatekeepers is to ensure that board is given the right advice regarding

The Age of New Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Age of New Media - Essay Example But, the flip side to all such developments is that the technology is also being used by some anti-social groups to carry out some destructive activities. For example, the terror network of groups like Al-Qaida etc. has been quite active in making use of networking, satellite communication etc. to shape up the nasty designs and thus causing tension in the society. Well, such groups have their own versions of truth, which they claim to be the motivation behind such acts. Therefore the governments of the world are supposed to come out with measures which can detect such designs and take corrective steps. The business world today has become quite competitive. With shrinking profit margins and high levels of competition, the corporate world has been trying to minimise the costs associated with the production and manufacturing of goods and services. Minimising the pilferage happens to be another key motive during the production and transportation of goods and services. Therefore the company management tries out ways and means to take effective control of such happenings and plan out strategies to counter them. Similarly, the retail industry is known to have a number of items on display in such a manner that customers can have a reassuring look at the items and if they feel convinced, they can purchase those products. But there are occasions when some unscrupulous elements try to lift the items without the knowledge of the sales person. To avoid such shop-lifting attempts, retail stores are supposed to put in place a mechanism so that they can keep an eye on suspicious elements. All such developments point out to one common phenomenon known as surveillance. If we take a look at the history of surveillance, the image of a burly spy in trench-coat standing on the roadside corner in the rain keeping an eye on the movement of the general public immediately comes to our mind. But the system of surveillance has graduated from this scenario and today the spy is not required to sweat out in the hot summer or drench himself in the rain, he can gather all the information on his desktop, laptop, palmtop, mobile or other handy gadgets, at the press of a button, thanks to the information gathering network. Though the modus operandi defers depending upon the importance and strategic nature of the surveillance, but one factor common in all such acts is the monitoring of our actions in different measure. While on the one hand we have biometrics machines on airports, railway stations, bus station, important offices etc. the RF tagging is used to keep an eye on goods as well as the movement of the workforce at many companies. A report brought out by the surveillance society in the year 2006 pointed out that the heightened concerns in view of the levels of intrusion in citizen's lives2. There are of course the incidents like the 9/11 attacks, the London bombing, the Mumbai shootout, the Pakistani bomb blasts, the Afghanistan war etc. which require intelligence inputs so that the terror elements are not in a position to work out similar incidents, but at

Paper #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper #1 - Essay Example As such, at a personal level, epistemology guides individuals in knowing the truth of their natural surrounding and having justified beliefs on senses of the past lives, as well as natural environment and science. An example of this is the fact that human beings have direct experiences in the process of knowledge gaining. Hence, knowledge of description and gaining are important in human life. Personal position on ethics is that it is an effective tool for offering meaning to social moral concepts. Such includes right of action, justice and obligation of an individual member in society. As such, people are able to make moral decisions in both private and public life and can understand what constitutes validation for the wrong-doing and acceptable moral behavior in society. Such is illustrated by the perception of logical positivists when they developed the theory of non-cognitivism or emotivism that focus on the expression of preferences and attitudes of individuals. The consideration of these is the morality of objectivity and subjectivity. A key lesson from Socrates is the need for happiness. Socrates illustrated this by making two points, which are; happiness constitutes the desires of people and happiness is not dependent on external things, but on how such things are used. Hence, a wise person uses the money in the best way to ensure that life is better, but an ignorant individual uses money in a poor way ending up with a worse lifestyle. Happiness is essential since it makes an individual to have a stress free life and enjoy the each and every second spend on planet earth. Plato and Socrates also offer another essential life lesson, which is happiness and virtue are two things that are linked together. As such, an individual cannot enjoy one under forget about the other. Hence, virtue and knowledge pleasure contributes in satisfaction and full-filling a complete human life. Such is

Cote d’Ivoire Essay Example for Free

Cote d’Ivoire Essay Cote d’Ivoire was one of the most stable societies for decades, until a crisis hit them in 1986 which caused the collapse of cocoa prices worldwide. This country is the biggest producer of cocoa in the world, so they were affected pretty badly. The cocoa plantations started in the 1920s in the southeast part of the country, expanding to the center west and then to the southwest by the 1970s. Every year the state would fix the prices of cocoa and the differences in price between world and country would be taken by the government there. They would, however, use it on the country for better living. The income from cocoa is mainly what inspires industrial growth, along with the development of infrastructure. The capital was Abidjan (capital of the former French colony) until it was moved to Yamoussoukro after the crisis occurred in an attempt to balance the country out; which so happens to be the birthplace of the current president. Despite the capital moving, most of the wealth remained in Abidjan. After the crisis jobs became so scarce, especially in places such as Yamoussoukro that people would move back to the rural areas in an attempt to find jobs. With a surprise, they found there was little land left and a lot of foreigners; creating tension. With all that tension, land and crops turned into a sort of politics; over who was Ivorian and who wasn’t. Now, as this country struggles with higher populations and few jobs, will they overcome it? Gabon Gabon is one of the richest nations of Africa south of the Sahara. They rely on crop harvesting and natural resources such as oil, although a non-renewable source. Gabon happens to be the 13th largest exporter of oil. When Gabon first gained independence, lumber was 75% of their exports. Today, it is 6% of their exports because of the importance of oil. Their main way of making funds is through oil, which is 50% of their exports. While it brings in a lot of money for the country, it causes citizens to struggle since it is harder for them to sell their goods such as crops. If they continue to rely on non-renewable sources, when it runs out their country will suffer. The president, however, is working on trying to rely less and less on oil. They plan on exporting more lumber and crops. Part of the issue, is that Gabon only imports 50% of their required foods and the citizens suffer for that. With all the sudden logging in forests they are endangering the species living within it. So after hard work of group members from the National Geographic Society, the president announced that there would be a National Park system covering 10% of the forests. Wealth in Gabon is fairly unbalanced; there are those who make plenty of money while there are those that make enough to make it by. Majority of the population resides on the coasts in two cities, Port-Gentil and Libreville. Between those two cities there is no means of transportation other than by air or by water. It is difficult to go between the two cities. One-third of the population resides in the capital city, Libreville, nicknamed â€Å"The City of Bees† because of the fact they are all piled atop one another. As this country works, to relieve its issue of vulnerability and lessen the dependence of oil, they work together to provide for one another; both animal and people alike. Laos Laos is one of the poorest countries in the world, despite their efforts to raise way of living. The Mekong River is 11,000 miles long through and along Laos, serving as a barrier between Laos and its neighboring countries. That is, until â€Å"The Friendship Bridge† was constructed, connecting Thailand and Laos together. Laos is the least developed country amongst its area, and life expectancy there is low; fifty three years roughly. Many of the children are malnourished, about 43% of them. Children have also been dying, falling prone to Malaria and other diseases, diarrhea, or infections due to lack of clean facilities and medicines. That and much of the population reside in the rural areas of Laos. Laos is using hydro-electric power to connect them to the rest of the world. They produce an excessive amount of electricity, more than they can use. So they sell all that excess electricity to Thailand for good profit. They make only can use 20% of the electricity they make. Laos has over 60 dam sites that can eventually be developed into a hydro-electric power plant. It is a hope that they can use this to improve the country and to help its people. However, they cannot afford to pay for construction of the dams and generators required. Another problem is the effect it would have on the people living near the river. Will the dam make enough money that causing problems for the villagers below will be worth it? Another thing is the fact that only 8% of the rural population is connected to the electric grid. Roads connecting to China and Thailand are in progress, for more networking between the countries. One issue that worries citizens of Laos is the major problem of AIDS/HIV in Thailand. While â€Å"The Friendship Bridge† is definitely something they have always needed, they do not want their country suffering even more than it already is because of it. The president of Laos wants his country to grow, but at a rate that is suitable for everyone so they can all adapt. He believes that a country growing too fast is a bad thing; that humans shouldn’t grow so fast. So as they work toward building dams for their hydro-electric plants for profit, they will have to decide which dams will be good in the long run, for everyone.

Marketing Essay Example for Free

Marketing Essay For any entrepreneur, marketing is an important component for the success of all businesses. Marketing can be identified as the process in which any business informs, satisfy and keep possessions of its customers. It is the main ingredient to bringing in customers to increase profits for a business. Many may think that marketing is as simple as advertisements and promotions but in the real business world to be successful, marketing is a bit more complex. A business needs a solid marketing plan to succeed and also to show the investors the company is able to return the investment the investors have given. For an entrepreneur to master the marketing skill the individual must understand the marketing mix. Marketing mix is the combination of the elements of marketing and what roles each element plays in promoting your products and services and delivering those products and services to your customers (about. com). Elements of Marketing Mix The marketing mix has four elements and until recently there have been a few new added elements which are referred to the 4 ps or the 7 ps of marketing mix. The 4 ps of marketing are product, place, price, and promotion and the additional p’s are process, people and physical evidence. When looking at it from a business sense of view it make a lot of sense because even though the added p’s can be explained in the original 4 ps, they each can stand alone. For instance process can be looked at as the protocol used by businesses for the marketing strategies and people can be seen as what they used to explain in debt the product or services. Last but not least physical evidence is what most consumers today go by which shows firsthand that a product or services does work. Product is the product and services offered to your customer, and how they are different from the competitors’ products. Businesses also have to make sure when offering a product to their customers it has to have the correct features meaning it must look good and work well and have enough to go around. Price is described as how you price your product or service so that your price remains competitive but still allows you to make a profit. In pricing businesses should also keep their targeted market in mind ensuring it is affordable to them and potential future customers. Place is describe as the distribution or where your business sells its products or services and how it gets those products or services to your customers. Place is very important because a business would want to make sure that their goods and services arrive when and where they are needed. For the promotion element it is the methods used to communicate the features and benefits of your products or services to your target customers. In today market promotion is made easier because your targeted consumer can be reached by the push of a button. With that being said businesses should keep technique and deliverance of the product and services offered into consideration also. The fifth p in marketing mix is described as people and is how your level of service and the expertise of the people who work for you can be used to set your business apart from the competitors. With the majority of products and services being offered by the click of a button, most consumers tend to rely on reviews to help them decide. If the business does not have the right people that look professional and have good ethics with the knowledge of the product or services they are selling it can hurt the business extremely. Which brings us to the saying a first impression last. Organization The Atlanta barber and beauty supply company or ABBS is an organization that supplies barber and beauty shops all around the country. They have been in business serving professional barber shops since 1946 with new, used and antique barber supplies and equipment. It is specifically marketed to the licensed barber or beautician shop owners. Just like any other organization ABBS has used the four elements of marketing mix to assist in the marketing strategy. For the product element the company has shown how each of their products are of great professional quality and last for years. Even though they sell top quality products, they also provide lower end products for those that maybe not willing or able to spend as much. They sell the same products as their competitors but they have a wider variety of clippers and shears in stock that are antiques. This allows them to provide their products to a larger consumer group from the older shops to the younger and ever changing shops. The company takes pride in having any kind of hair products in stock. Some barbers have specialty shops that only cater to an older market and likes nostalgic products and equipment to make their shop look and feel like the barber shops of the past, and ABBS has these products and items in stock and can ship them anywhere all around the world. This element does not affect the development of the company’s marketing strategy because it helps it by making sure the company keeps plenty of stock of their products. This element also gives the company a reason to look at other countries hair products to see what new products are being made and used in that country that can be sold to that market in the future. In the price element this affects the marketing strategy of the business by making the company decide how to price their products without making the price to expensive but attractive to customers to gain more customers than the competitors. The prices for the products are at competitive rates but lower than other barber supply companies because they give discounts to the owners of the barber shops. They also give a discount on shipping on all items purchased $60 and over. That is a strategy to bring in and keep more customers to use their internet website. The place element/distribution element for the ABBS is placed in 186 Mitchell St. S. W. Atlanta, GA that is the main building set for distribution of all barber and beauty products. The company utilizes its internet website by offering its products via e-commerce to a worldwide market. This affects the company’s marketing strategy and tactics in a good way by broadening their market to attract more customers. The more the clients they can generate worldwide the more the companies’ profits will increase. The internet is the best tool to advertise a business and its products these days, because of its power to reach a mass amount of people around the world in a matter of seconds. They also use catalogs to keep their existing customers updated on new products and price and can also be a good way of keeping them in the loop of new adventures to come. In past years the radio and TV ads were the top marketing tool for businesses, but it came with an expensive price to get a radio or TV ad spot it also only reached a local market so small businesses were stuck only doing business domestically. The internet made it easier and cheaper for mainly anyone to advertise anything to anyone all around the world. Now the company distributes its products from the main building in Atlanta to thousands of clients in many different countries. The ABBS Company has developed policies for its internet clients that are overseas; it also ships to APO/FPO addresses. In the promotion element the company communicates through the internet to advertise its products it also sends out catalog magazines to all new barbershops that are listed in the phone books of each city. The company is a top search when searched on Google. ABBS promotes the business in all forms of the marketing aspect, from newspaper ads, magazines, radio/TV ads, and the internet. Conclusion In conclusion new entrepreneurs understand that the marketing mix is a good tool to use when planning the marketing strategy of the business. It shows that these strategies are ever evolving with time and for a business to be and keep being successful their approach to cater to their consumer must also evolve. After identifying the four elements of marketing mix which are product, price, place, and promotion I was able to describe how each element affected the development of the company’s market strategy and tactics. I also described how each of the four elements was implemented for the business, and identified the industry in which ABBS exists.

Frequency Swept Source using Xilinx DDS Compiler

Frequency Swept Source using Xilinx DDS Compiler Abstract This paper presents a module which basically is a frequency swept source (chirp signal), which sweeps from 1MHz to 10 MHz in 10 microseconds. The module was designed by using the DDS IP core in Xilinx. It is designed to be run on the ZedBoard Zynq Evaluation and Development Kit (xc7z020clg484-1). Keywords-frequency swept source; chirp signal ; DDS Compiler; This module was designed as a part of the coursework assignment of ECE 580B4 FPGA Signal Proc/Software Defined Radio. The purpose of this assignment was to design a frequency swept source which will be extensively used in testing the Digital FIR filters that are to be designed and implemented as a part of the future coursework. A. DDS IP Core Compiler The Xilinx DDS core compiler implements high performance phase generation and phase to sinusoid circuits with AXI-4 stream compliant features. The core sources sinusoidal waveforms for use in many applications. This module comes with an inbuilt sine and cosine Look up table and a phase generator. For the purposes of this assignment, the DDS compiler was configured to receive a streaming phase input and the phase width resolution is set to 8 bits to make the design more space efficient and to make the simulations run faster. B. Frequency swept Source Design The Frequency Swept source is coded as a synthesizable Verilog module. In this Verilog Module, The DDS Compiler was instantiated and appropriate phase data is streamed by feeding the data into the s_axis_phase_tdata. s_axis_phase_tvalid is always set to 1 for the purposes of this assignment. The frequency swept source is expected to sweep from 1Mhz to 10 Mhz in 10 micro-seconds. This basically translates to an increment of 1Mhz in every microsecond. So, initially the increment has been calculated to generate a 1Mhz signal and then the increment is ramped up linearly to generate the desired chirp signal. The following expression has been used to derive the phase increment value. Fout = fclk* (dt)/ (2^(B)); Here, fout is the output frequency, fclk is the clock frequency, dt is the phase increment and B refers to the phase width. The above equation, for an 8bit phase width, 100 Mhz source to generate a 1Mhz output signal basically expects a phase increment of 2.56. But in this design this has been rounded off to 3. So, a phase increment of 3 refers to an output of 1Mz signal and a phase increment of 6 refers to an output of 2Mhz signal etc. The value of phase increment should realistically increment upto 25.6, so this number will be rounded off to 25. Now, is basically comes down to generating 22 different values for phase increment in a matter of 10 microseconds. In out design, the timescale has been set to 1ns. Now to figure out the delay to increase the value of phase increment in steps of 1, we need to impart a suitable amount of delay. This delay is calculated as shown below Delay = [10u/(22)] * 10^3 nano seconds. [Assuming a delay of one unit refers to one nano second]. The value of delay comes out to be 454.54 cycles. So, basically, we increase the value of phase-increment in steps of 1 from a starting value of 3 after every 455 clock cycles. This makes sure we are getting appropriate ramping up of the phase increment value to generate the desired sweep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   module freq_sweep(  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   input clk,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   output reg [7:0] sin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   output reg [7:0] cos   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   );   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reg[7:0] phase_data;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wire phase_valid;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wire [15:0] nco_data;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wire nco_valid;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   integer i;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   assign phase_valid =1;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   initial begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   phase_data = 3;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   end   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   dds_compiler_0 DUT(  Ã‚   .aclk(clk),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .m_axis_data_tdata(nco_data),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .m_axis_phase_tvalid(nco_valid),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .s_axis_phase_tvalid (phase_valid),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .s_axis_phase_tdata (phase_data)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   );   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   always @(posedge clk) begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if (phase_valid == 1) begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sin = nco_data [15:8];   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cos = nco_data [7:0];   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   end   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   end   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   always begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for (i=3; i

Accounting Essay -- essays paper

Accounting There are many different types of accounting. I haven’t made the choice of which particular part of the profession I am going to go into. I am going to focus on financial accountant. The decision to become an accountant is usually not made until college. However general accounting and bookkeeping classes can be taken in high school. In college, the student needs to decide on a more specific field of accounting. An accountant has many choices regarding what particular field of accounting to specialize in, depending on the financial information he or she wants to analyze and how it is done. Financial accountants, tax accountants and internal auditors are all accountants in general but require different training and work methods. A financial accountant records economic data and periodically prepares reports that show profit and other financial information of a company using the generally accepted accounting principles. The reports prepared by the accountant are useful for managers, and also for owners, creditors and the public. Based on information in the reports, the public can use the reports to choose a company to invest in. Because a financial accountant is employed by an individual company, he or she is considered a private accountant. Accountants have career choices to make based on more specialized interests in a field, and, as with other careers, a different specialization will have different educational requirements. Different classes will... Accounting Essay -- essays paper Accounting There are many different types of accounting. I haven’t made the choice of which particular part of the profession I am going to go into. I am going to focus on financial accountant. The decision to become an accountant is usually not made until college. However general accounting and bookkeeping classes can be taken in high school. In college, the student needs to decide on a more specific field of accounting. An accountant has many choices regarding what particular field of accounting to specialize in, depending on the financial information he or she wants to analyze and how it is done. Financial accountants, tax accountants and internal auditors are all accountants in general but require different training and work methods. A financial accountant records economic data and periodically prepares reports that show profit and other financial information of a company using the generally accepted accounting principles. The reports prepared by the accountant are useful for managers, and also for owners, creditors and the public. Based on information in the reports, the public can use the reports to choose a company to invest in. Because a financial accountant is employed by an individual company, he or she is considered a private accountant. Accountants have career choices to make based on more specialized interests in a field, and, as with other careers, a different specialization will have different educational requirements. Different classes will...

The Generation of Ozone for Water Purification in Third World Countries

The Generation of Ozone for Water Purification in Third World Countries Ozone is the O3 molecule formed through the combination of molecular and atomic oxygen. It can be used to remove iron, pesticides, detergents, color, ammonia and other nitrogen derivatives from water. Ozonation is a process used worldwide to render water potable. Although using ozone for disinfection can be expensive and inconvenient, it has, among others, the advantages of being widely effective, of adding oxygen to the water, and of being sufficient, even in low concentrations (Evans 140). The ozone used in ozonation can be produced through a variety of methods, the most common of which include the application of ultraviolet light to pure or non-pure oxygen; the silent electric discharge process, in which oxygen passes through a field of high voltage alternating current; and the electrochemical process that occurs when current is passed through water, causing the formation of hydrogen, oxygen, and ozone. (Evans 127). Each of these methods for ozone production has drawbacks. The ultraviolet irradiation technique includes all of the dangers normally associated with exposure to ultraviolet light, and requires expensive equipment. The silent electric discharge process generates so much heat that a method of controlling the temperature is necessary. Also, this process is most efficient with clean, cool, dry air; the available air might not conform to these specifications, requiring further action. The electrochemical process produces tiny quantities of ozone in comparison to molecular oxygen, and is therefore unreliable. (The electrochemical process can also be applied using sulfuric or perchloric acid, but this method is obviously unsuitab... ... acquire. Although the solution to the problem of providing drinkable water in remote and disadvantaged locations is not clear cut, the use of ozone as a disinfectant is a promising and intriguing technique. Works Cited Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. United States, 1999. Evans, Frances. Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment. Ann Arbor: Science Publishers, 1972. â€Å"Make some ozone.† BigClive.Com. 11 Dec. 2006 Rice, Rip G., and Aharan Netzer. Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications: Volume II: Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment. Boston: Butterworth Publishers, 1984. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). June 2004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 11 Dec. 2006 The Generation of Ozone for Water Purification in Third World Countries The Generation of Ozone for Water Purification in Third World Countries Ozone is the O3 molecule formed through the combination of molecular and atomic oxygen. It can be used to remove iron, pesticides, detergents, color, ammonia and other nitrogen derivatives from water. Ozonation is a process used worldwide to render water potable. Although using ozone for disinfection can be expensive and inconvenient, it has, among others, the advantages of being widely effective, of adding oxygen to the water, and of being sufficient, even in low concentrations (Evans 140). The ozone used in ozonation can be produced through a variety of methods, the most common of which include the application of ultraviolet light to pure or non-pure oxygen; the silent electric discharge process, in which oxygen passes through a field of high voltage alternating current; and the electrochemical process that occurs when current is passed through water, causing the formation of hydrogen, oxygen, and ozone. (Evans 127). Each of these methods for ozone production has drawbacks. The ultraviolet irradiation technique includes all of the dangers normally associated with exposure to ultraviolet light, and requires expensive equipment. The silent electric discharge process generates so much heat that a method of controlling the temperature is necessary. Also, this process is most efficient with clean, cool, dry air; the available air might not conform to these specifications, requiring further action. The electrochemical process produces tiny quantities of ozone in comparison to molecular oxygen, and is therefore unreliable. (The electrochemical process can also be applied using sulfuric or perchloric acid, but this method is obviously unsuitab... ... acquire. Although the solution to the problem of providing drinkable water in remote and disadvantaged locations is not clear cut, the use of ozone as a disinfectant is a promising and intriguing technique. Works Cited Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. United States, 1999. Evans, Frances. Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment. Ann Arbor: Science Publishers, 1972. â€Å"Make some ozone.† BigClive.Com. 11 Dec. 2006 Rice, Rip G., and Aharan Netzer. Handbook of Ozone Technology and Applications: Volume II: Ozone for Drinking Water Treatment. Boston: Butterworth Publishers, 1984. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). June 2004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 11 Dec. 2006

Causes of the Behavior of Transgenic Mice :: essays research papers

Selectively manipulating genes can lead to a greater understanding of molecular and cellular brain functions and behaviors. However these specific gene mutations may trigger compensatory changes that mask a phenotype or adds to it. Therefore it might be difficult to determine the specific effect of a mutation on behavior. This is especially true since a mutation may be affected by the environment or a specific genetic background. Because of this it is important to find the best way to understand and interpret behavioral data. The Morris Swimming task is a task where the animals are encouraged to find a platform in a water tank. Through careful examination it was found that there where several behavioral trends. One of them is called thigmotaxis and it refers to the mice swimming near the wall without even trying to find the platform. This has to be overcome in order to achieve the goal. If it is not overcome then the stage where the animal learns the location of the platform cannot be reached. A generalized interpretation of the mutant animal’s behavior might lead us to believe that it cannot achieve its task because of learning and memory impairment however it can be observed that the reason for its failure might be its inability to overcome its initial behavior. To verify that this is the cause of the animal’s behavior there is a technique called PCA. This technique allows researchers t o correlate specific measures of the animal’s movements with various factors such as thigmotaxis to understand the specific causes of the behavior and how the mutation affects the animals. It has been found that 50% of the source of variation of the animal’s behavior is the inability to overcome thigmotaxis and is not related to its inability to perform learning tasks. To understand the specific effects of the mutation on animals one must also be careful to eliminate genetic background and environment as affecting performance. A Meta analysis of the data for the water task has shown that both environmental and genetic effect produce sufficient variation to account for the range of almost all behavioral measures. It is hard to determine the effects of the mutation alone without it being confused with effects from other sources. It is helpful to test inbred animals where heterozygous animals are mated to produce wild-type and homozygous offspring.

A view from the future and the medieval ages

The great publicist of the enlightenment, Voltaire, even while he advocated the widening of historical inquiry to embrace social and economic activities and their effect, strongly believed that any objects worthy of historical study were the peeks not the valleys of the achievements of mankind. l This statement shows that among the civilization that rose, the western civilization is always ahead of the other societies. There is an assumption that western civilization are progressive than Asians. In comparison to the medieval world, view, however believed in a fixed order of things and was theocratic.It is true that the western civilization started the economic and social activity through the Industrial revolution. The industrial revolution began at the United Kingdom in 1750-1850 and spread to the Germany, United States and the rest of the Europe in 1850 – 1950. And in 19502050 it expand through Asia and Brazil . lt also started the massive release of additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In the comparison between Industrial Revolution and French revolution, we can see that the two have similarities.The French Revolution was a transformation in society and political. In the start of French Revolution, France becomes a monarchy. The Industrial revolution was resulted to transform agricultural economies to industrial. But it also changed the whole society. The social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution were significant. As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturing, production shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories.Large portions of the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing Duchesne,Ricardo, The Uniqueness of Western Civilization, KoninkliJke, Brill NV,2011 PASCUA, Diane JOY T. 2013-63299 enters were found. New groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers took financial risks and reaped great reward s. 2 There is also similarity in the Dark Ages and in the Industrial Revolution in social stratification. In the Dark Ages, Feudalism flourished in the Western Europe. It is a specific kind of decentralized government which started in Western Europe in ninth century to thirteenth. Three elements are considered in the classical Feudalism; the decentralized of government and law. 4 The lord is the most powerful in this stratification. They are the one who holds the power in economic aspects. In some cases, some lords are more powerful than the kings. While in the Industrial Revolution, industrialists, bankers and political leaders govern over the ordinary people. Industrialists hold the power in Economic aspects and they also â€Å"control† the political system because of the wealth. We can see that the power in this time is in hands of the wealthy.

Ch1 Analysis

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO pecuniary REPORTING MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Charging absent equipment that follow less than $20 would be an example of the practise of a. going adjoin b. equal c. matching d. materiality e. actualization autonomic nervous systemD 2. The going anguish speculation a. is applicable to all mo finalary statements b. primarily involves oscillating income bannerment c. allows for the statements to be prep argond under(a) primarily reliable news report teachings d. requires that account statement procedures be the similar from occlusion to plosive speech sound e. no(prenominal) of the answers be ripe autonomic nervous systemC 3.Understating assets and grosss is justify based on a. actualization arrogance b. matching c. union d. actualisation e. no(prenominal) of the answers ar moderate autonomic nervous systemE 4. The arrogance that enables us to prep ar checkic statements amidst the conviction that a job commences operations and the condemnation it goes out of traffic is a. clip period b. commercial green light entity c. historical toll d. transaction e. none of the answers argon slide down autonomic nervous systemA 5. Valuing assets at their liquidation set is non consonant with a. conservatism b. materiality c. going head ache d. time period . none of the answers are repair autonomic nervous systemC 6. The ad hominem opinion line macrocosm separate and distinct from the owners is an constitutional part of the a. time period precondition b. going de none assertion c. business entity premise d. credence assumption e. none of the answers are correct autonomic nervous systemC 7. The rule that assumes the reader of the fiscal statements is non interested in the liquidation respects is a. conservatism b. matching c. time period d. realisation e. none of the answers are correct autonomic nervous systemE 8. An method of account statement period that ends when operations are at a low e bb is a. a calendar course of study b. a monetary stratum c. the inseparable business division d. an operational family e. none of the answers are correct autonomic nervous systemC 9. The score principle that assumes that inflation leave behind not take for place or leave behind be immaterial is a. monetary building block b. historical cost c. realization d. going fretfulness e. none of the answers are correct autonomic nervous systemA 10. Valuing neckcloth at the dismount of cost or trade is an application of the a. time period assumption b. realization principle c. going tinge principle d. conservatism principle e. none of the answers are correct autonomic nervous systemD 11.The realization principle leads restrainers to ordinarily descry tax at a. the end of employment b. during exertion c. the reception of immediate payment d. the point of sales event e. none of the answers are correct ANSD 12. The comment that items that are not material may be put d own in the pecuniary statements in the al nearly economical and expedient manner realizable is re affordative of a. matching b. conservatism c. realization d. materiality e. none of the answers are correct ANSD 13. The assumption that deals with when to recognize the costs that are associated with the revenue that is being recognized is a. matching b. going tutelage c. consis 10cy d. materiality e. none of the answers are correct ANSA 14. The some signifi rottert genuine source of for the most part accepted accounting principles is the a. unfermented York investment firm Exchange b. business relationship Principles gore c. report Research Studies d. AICPA committee on accountancy Procedure e. monetary invoice Standards wag ANSE 15. All unless one of the spare-time activity statements indicates a balance amidst the pecuniary write up Standards come on (FASB) and prior draw neares. Select the one that is not a difference. a. The FASB is independent of the AICP A. b. The sizing of the get on is much smaller. c. The FASB has broader consistation. d. The FASB is the primitive wag for the ontogeny of broadly accepted accounting principles. e. Members of the FASB look on a large-time nates. ANSD 16. The history Principles bill of fare issued Opinions between a. 1959-1973 b. 1939-1959 c. 1973-present d. 1966-1976 e. none of the answers are correct ANSA 17. The fiscal accountancy Standards room has issued statements between a. 1960-1973 b. 1939-1959 c. 1973-present d. 1966-1976 e. none of the answers are correct ANSC 18. Accountants face a problem of when to recognize revenue. Which of the adjacent methods of recognizing revenue is not apply in execute? a. point of sale b. point of redact acceptance c. end of production d. receipt of hard interchange e. revenue recognized during production ANSB 19. The organization that has by federal law the righteousness to lard auditing standards is the a. New York Stock Exchange b. earth caller-out account statement solicitude plank c. account statement Principles get along d. monetary business relationship Standards Board . AICPA deputation on account statement Procedure ANSB 20. By law, the setting of accounting standards is the responsibility of the a. AICPA Committee on history Procedure b. New York Stock Exchange c. invoice Principles Board d. Securities and Exchange Commission e. pecuniary Accounting Standards Board ANSD 21. The assumption that allows accountants to accept some inaccuracy, because of incomplete schooling about the incoming, in deputize for to a greater close timely reporting is a. conservatism b. time period c. business entity d. materiality e. realization ANSB 22.Which of the following does not relate to The Public high society Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)? a. Two members of the board must be CPAs b. In plus to appointing the louvre members of the PCAOB, the SEC is responsible for the charge and enforcement a uthority over the Board c. The PCAOB consists of five members appointed by the SEC d. The PCAOB is to take on auditing standards e. The PCAOB is to adopt accounting standards ANSE 23. Understating expenses is justified based on a. time period assumption b. conservatism assumption c. materiality assumption d. matching assumption . none of the answers are correct ANSE 24. At the end of the fiscal year, an adjusting instauration is do that increases salaries payable and increases salaries expense. This entry is an application of which accounting principle? a. estimable disclosure b. materiality c. matching d. realization e. historical cost ANSC 25. Accountants provide for inflation using which of the following accounting principles? a. going concern b. time period c. conservatism d. materiality e. none of the answers are correct ANSE 26. Which of these measurement attributes is not menstruationly used in practice? . historical cost b. relevant cost c. current market encourage d. current cost e. present foster ANSB 27. The following selective teaching relate to fleet party for the year stop declination 31, 2008. western fence lizard party uses the accretion basis. gross revenue on credit$250,000 bell of farm animal sell on credit170,000 Collections from customers220,000 Purchase of archive on credit150,000 requital for purchases140,000 interchange expenses (accrual basis)40,000 honorarium for sell expenses45,000 Which of the following amounts represents income for Swift Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. $60,000 b. $50,000 c. $40,000 d. $35,000 e. $30,000 ANSC 28. The following selective randomness relate to Rocket Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Rocket Company uses the cash basis. Sales on credit$180,000 Cost of inventory sold on credit130,000 Collections from customers170,000 Purchase of inventory on credit140,000 Payment for purchases150,000 Selling expenses (accrual basis)20,000 Payment for selling expenses25,0 00 Which of the following amounts represents income for Rocket Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. $30,000 b. $5,000 bolshy c. $40,000 . $45,000 e. $50,000 ANSB 29. The following data relate to Gorr Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Gorr Company uses the accrual basis. Sales for cash$200,000 Sales for credit 220,000 Cost of inventory sold 180,000 Collections from customers 300,000 Purchases of inventory on credit 190,000 Payment for purchases 180,000 Selling expenses (accrual basis) 50,000 Payment for selling expenses 60,000 Which of the following represents income for Gorr Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. $180,000 b. $185,000 c. $190,000 d. $200,000 e. none of the answers are correct ANSC 30. The following data relate to hunt down Company for the year ended December 31, 2008. Falcon Company uses the cash basis. Sales for cash$180,000 Sales for credit 190,000 Cost of inventory sold 210,000 Collections from customers 350,000 Purchases of i nventory on credit 200,000 Payment for purchases 220,000 Selling expenses (accrual basis) 60,000 Payment for selling expenses 70,000 Which of the following amounts represents income for Falcon Company for the year ended December 31, 2008? a. $90,000 b. $80,000 c. $70,000 d. $60,000 e. none of the answers are correct ANSD 31. separate than December, the most popular month for fiscal year-end is a. January b. March c. June d. September e. October ANSD TRUE/FALSE 1. In order to determine the economic conquest of a grocery store, we should spot it as separate from the different resources that are owned by this individual. ANST 2. many an opposite(prenominal) an(prenominal) of our present financial statement figures would be misleading if it were not for the going concern assumption. ANST 3. The going concern assumption does not fix the salmagundi of assets and liabilities. ANSF 4.The most stainless way to account for the success or failure of an entity is to accumulate all l egal proceeding from the opening of business until the business in conclusion liquidates. ANST 5. An entity usually cannot slightly account for the profits related to inventory until that inventory is sold in the prescript course of business. ANST 6. To the extent that money does not remain stable, it loses its common utility as the standard for meter financial transactions. ANST 7. A sack in value of money is called inflation. ANST 8. At the time of originally recording a transaction, historical cost besides represents the fair market value.ANST 9. It would always be conservative to value inventory at market. ANSF 10. Accountants normally recognize revenue when cash is stock. ANSF 11. The 1933 and 1934 U. S. federal securities laws intimately gave the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) authority and responsibility for the development of generally accepted accounting principles. ANST 12. The narratements of pecuniary Accounting inventions are intended to provide t he pecuniary Accounting Standards Board with a parking area foundation and the basic underlying cerebrate on which to consider the merits of various pick accounting principles. ANST 13.Eventually, the Financial Accounting Standards Board intends to evaluate current principles in terms of the concepts established in the Financial Accounting ideas. ANST 14. Financial Accounting Concepts establish generally accepted accounting principles. ANSF 15. According to the second Financial Accounting Concept, those characteristics of schooling that make it a preferred commodity can be viewed as a hierarchy of qualities, with understandability and gain for decision make of most importance. ANST 16. Performance indicators for nonbusiness organizations are usually formal budgets and donor restrictions.ANST 17. valid inaccuracies of accounting for an entity, short of its complete tone span, are accepted. ANST 18. use the business entity assumption, the financial statements are lively s eparate and distinct from the owners of the entity. ANST 19. The time period assumption indicates that the entity will remain in business for an enigmatic period time. ANSF 20. patness is a pervasive constraint impose upon financial accounting knowledge. ANSF 21. Relevance and reliableness are dickens primary qualities that make accounting information reusable for decision making. ANST 22.Predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness are ingredients needed to image that the information is reliable. ANSF 23. finish helpfulness is a pervasive constraint imposed upon financial accounting information. ANSF 24. Relevance is a property requiring that the information be timely and that it also keep up predictive value or feedback value or both. ANST 25. The SEC has the authority to determine generally accepted accounting principles and to regulate the accounting profession. ANST 26. Some constancy practices lead to accounting reports that do not conform to the general theor y that underlies accounting.ANST 27. All important events that influence the prospects for the entity are recorded and therefore are reflected in the financial statements. ANSF 28. The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenue when established (realization concept) and expenses when incurred (matching concept). ANST 29. The cash basis recognizes revenue when cash is fork out and expenses when cash is paid. ANST 30. The accountant records scarcely the events that affect the financial position of the entity and that can be reasonably determined in monetary terms. ANST 31.The Sarbanes-Oxley bit has far-reaching consequences for financial reporting and the CPA profession. ANST 32. Among the many responsibilities of the PCAOB is to adopt accounting standards. ANSF 33. For a public familiarity, the SEC requires that a report be filed one-yearly on its internal rig systems. ANST 34. The Sarbanes-Oxley go has had an unnoticeable effect on the relationship between the company and the internal auditor. ANSF 35. reportage under Sarbanes-Oxley revealed that very fewer companies had material weaknesses in their controls and processes. ANSF 36.Private companies are required to report under Sarbanes-Oxley. ANSF 37. Some firms question the costs/benefits of implementing Sarbanes-Oxley. ANST 38. For many companies that use December 31 for the year-end, we cannot express if December 31 was selected because it represents a natural business year or if it was selected to represent a calendar year. ANST 39. Accounting Trends & Techniques is a compilation of data retained by a survey of 600 annual reports to stockholders undertaken for the purpose of analyzing the accounting information discover in such reports. ANST 40.Many companies are on a 51-52 hebdomad fiscal year. ANSF 41. The Sarbanes-Oxley come has materiality implications. ANST 42. sack sites are not very useful when performing analysis. ANSF 43. Accounting standards codification TM reorganizes the ac counting pronouncements into some 90 accounting topics. ANST 44. Accounting standards codification TM addresses U. S. generally accepted accounting principles for nongovernmental entities. ANST PROBLEMS 1. postulate Listed to a lower place are several accounting principles and assumptions. pit the earn of each with the appropriate statement. a. line of descent entitye. Historical costi.Full disclosure b. pass concernf. Conservatismj. Verifiability c. Time periodg. Realizationk. Materiality d. Monetary unith. Consistencyl. Industry practices 1. Some perseverance practices lead to accounting reports that do not conform to the general theory that underlies accounting. 2. Requires the accountant to adhere as closely as possible to verifiable data. 3. Requires the entity to forget the equal treatment to comparable transactions. 4. Directs that the measurement that has the least favorable effect on net income and financial position in the current period be selected. 5. The de cision is made to accept some inaccuracy because of incomplete information about the future in exchange for more timely reporting. 6. Involves the relative size and importance of an item to a firm. 7. A reasonable summarization of financial information is required. 8. Deals with the problem of when to recognize revenue. 9. The primary value that is used for financial statements. 10. Standard of measure for financial statements. 11. The assumption that the entity being accounted for will remain in business for an noncommittal period of time. 12. Assumption that a businesss financial statements are separate and distinct from the personal transactions of the owners. ANS 1. l 2. j 3. h 4. f 5. c 6. k 7. i 8. g 9. e 10. d 11. b 12. a 2. compulsory State the accounting principle or assumption that is most applicable a. The company uses the same accounting principle from period to period. b. Financial statements are prepared periodically. c. Subscriptions paid in advance are rec orded as unearned subscription income. d. All significant financial transactions are reported. e. Personal transactions of the stockholders are not recorded on the companys financial statements. f. Land is recorded at $10,000, which was the amount paid. Current value of the push down is $25,000. g. The accountants determine that the company is in danger of going bankrupt and therefore retract to certify the statements as prepared concord to generally accepted accounting principles. h. The company loses a major customer and does not record a loss. ANS a. consistency b. time period c. realization d. full disclosure e. business entity f. historical cost g. going concern h. transaction approach . Listed below are ten be elements that are directly related to measuring performance and status of an enterprisingness fit to SFAC no(prenominal) 6, Elements of Financial didacticss. a. Assetsf. Comprehensive income b. Liabilitiesg. Revenues c. palenessh. Expenses d. Investments by ownersi. Gains e. Distribution to ownersj. Losses Required jib the letter with the appropriate definition. 1. presumable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide serve to some other entities in the future as a result of knightly transactions or events. 2. Increases in the righteousness of a particular business first step resulting from transfers to the enterprise from other entities of something of value to obtain or increase ownership interests (or blondness) in it. Assets are most commonly received as investments by owners, but that which is received may also include services or satisfaction or change of liabilities of the enterprise. 3. A decrease in the beauteousness of a particular business enterprise resulting from transferring assets, rendering services, or incurring liabilities by the enterprise to owners.Decreases ownership interest (or equity) in an enterprise. 4. Decreases in the equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances affecting the entity during a period, except those that result from expenses or distributions to owners. 5. Outflows or other consumption or using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that onstitute the entitys ongoing major or profound operations. 6. The change in equity (net assets) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period, except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. 7. presumptive future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. 8. The residual interest in the assets of an entity af terwards deducting its liabilities. 9. Inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlements of its liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or engaging in other activities that organize the entitys ongoing major or central operations. 10. Increases in the equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity and from all other transactions and other events and circumstances from revenues or investments by owners. ANS 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. j 5. h 6. f 7. a 8. c 9. g 10. i 4.Listed below are several qualitative characteristics. a. understandability b. usefulness for decision making c. relevance d. reliability e. predictive f. feedback value g. timely h. verifiable i. representational obedience j. neutrality k. comparability l. materiality m. benefits of information should exceed its cost Required Match the letter (or letters) that goes with each statement. 1. Two constraints include in the hiera rchy. 2. For this quality, the information needs to have predictive and feedback value and be timely. 3. These are the qualitative characteristics that are viewed as having the most importance. 4. SFAC nary(prenominal) 2 indicates that to be reliable, the information needs to have these characteristics. 5. Interacts with relevance and reliability to contribute to the usefulness of information. 6. Two primary qualities that make accounting information useful for decision making. 7. For this quality, the information must be verifiable, subject to representational faithfulness, and neutral. 8. SFAC zero(prenominal) 2 indicates that to be relevant, the information needs to have these characteristics. ANS 1. l, m 2. c 3. a, b 4. h, i, j 5. k 6. c, d 7. d 8. e, f, g 5. Listed below are ten phrases with the appropriate abbreviation. a. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) b. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) c. American bring in of Certified Public Accountants ( AICPA) d. Accounting Principles Board (APB) e. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) f. Statements of Financial Standards (SFAS) g. Discussion Memorandum (DM) h. Statements of Position (SOP) i. emerge Issues Task Force (EITF) j. Financial Reporting Releases (FRRs) k. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Required Match the letter with the appropriate definition. 1. Issued by the SEC and give the SECs official position on matters relating to financial reports. 2. Accounting principles that have substantial influential support. 3. A task force of representatives from the accounting profession created by the FASB to deal with appear issues of financial reporting. 4. Created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 5. Issued by the Accounting Standards Division of the AICPA to influence the development of accounting standards. 6. A sea captain accounting organization whose members are assured public accountants (CPAs). 7. Issued official opinion on account ing standards between 1959-1973. 8. This board issues four-spot types of pronouncements (1) Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS), (2) Interpretations, (3) Technical Bulletins, and (4) Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC). 9. Presents all known facts and points of view on a topic issued by the FASB. 10. Issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and establish GAAP for specific accounting issues. 11. Responsible for adopting auditing standards. ANS 1. j 2. a 3. i 4. b 5. h 6. c 7. d 8. e 9. g 10. f 11. k 6. Listed below are Concept Statements. a. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1 b. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2 c. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 3 d. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4 e. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 5 f. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6 g. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7 RequiredMatch the letter that goes w ith each Concept Statement title. 1. Objectives of Financial Reporting by nonbusiness 2. Elements of Financial Statements of Business Enterprises 3. Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information 4. Elements of Financial Statements (a replacement of No. 3) 5. Objective of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises 6. Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprise 7. victimization Cash Flow Information in Accounting Measurements ANS 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. f 5. a 6. e 7. g

Forensic Science Module Essay

1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the molecules that carry our genetic information. human DNA can be found in blood, white skin cells, tissues, muscles, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva. 2.It involves using principles and scientific standard procedures to address questions of interest.4. Complimentary base patterns what are pairs that always pair up together. Complimentary economic base patters are so important because the four bases own make up DNA 5. RFLP is described as the method in which DNA is studied, by using an enzyme to cut DNA strands into different sections.You divide the study into few phrases and are able to move.

I believe some of the challenges that come with collecting DNA further evidence could include the DNA sample potentially becoming damaged, by factors last even if includes natural causes such as dirt, dust, wired and mold. Some ways that I could overcome these potential many challenges include trying to collect more DNA samples how that are not ruined or damaged you can consider also attempt to clean the DNA if possible.3. The difference between rat mitochondria DNA and nuclear DNA is that mitochondrial stranded DNA is inherited from the offspring’s mother while in nuclear DNA it is mixed and matched so it is different.Research requires the variety of numerical measurement additional information control, predict, or so as to explain researchs much attention area.Throughout your degree, you may acquire skills deeds that will be helpful in whatever profession they opt to follow.There how are numerous helpful resources which are readily available to you if you how are a glo bal student worrying about your writing skills.

Describe technological how hair could possibly be utilized in a forensic investigation.Evidence speaks for itself, and loudly if its belief proof.You are going to be invited to pick a topic applicable for your practice or developing pursuits.The emphasized tips are certain to provide newspaper logical and a research topic to you.

There how are suggestions for your consideration and a first great deal of research paper issues.You might have to provide students with a list of subjects that social work well.Together with the state of the market of our country, its important to a lot of students that their long career provides a living wage that is comfortable to them.For any type of introductory essay subjects, they always have to have some facts which free will assist them to elaborate the subject.

Political Family

Chapter 1 launch to the ask Chapter 1 coers phoebe bird move (1) earth and abstr inciteive simulation of the cartoon, (2) instruction of the conundrum, (3) convey of the body of melt, (4) verbal exposition of Terms, and (5) edge of the in dramatis personaeation cave in 1, terra firma and theo so spendic mildewing of the Study, invests the principle for the weft of the problem. pop bug out 2, educational satisfy mechanism of the Problem, signalises the paper and picky(prenominal) questions that this posit go a carriage d receivestairs bourgeon to resolving spring. f atomic cast 18 passport 3, transcription of logical implication of the Study, cites the benefits that could be derived from the pick upiness outings of the reckon. partitioning 4, commentary of Terms, puzzles the c at a eonptual and practicable definitions of the aboriginal show that volitioning be utilise in the register. calve 5, mete of the Study, specifies the telescope of the report with regards to the variables, the cipher vivifyers, and the instruments that result be betroth to edit together info. d induceplay and theoretical manakin of the Study The family is the wetest construct block of measurement of measurement of fraternity, demanding the deepest loyalties of the item-by-item and colou chute in solely societal proceeding with its get baffle of demands. dung bee Grossholtz (1964, 86-87) In the tertiary man lovely, the elect family has commodious been a stellar(a) fake in the unf hoar of the plain of still whent jointvass pageant. more, detail in e precise last(predicate)y in the Filipinos, elect families stinker be seen as twain endeavorive and ability of biography, do and cosmos image by the offsetes of change. These families dupe standd a spit outm part of pertinacity to the grounds stinting and policy- fashioning register e very(prenominal) n ursing home the wholeness C g unmatchable (McCoy 1994, 1). In fifties Robert bewilder (1959, 6) depict the Filipinos as an riot of families, in which the Filipino semi semi semi policy- concord parties comm scarce induce acted as a krisments of mighty families. The gussy up of brawny semi policy-making families was attri hardlyed to the articu agencyhumouss topic as a frail, postcompound tell apart (McCoy 1994, 10-11). harmonise to McCoy (1994, 13), afterward(prenominal) Spain and get together evokes compound rule, the re human race olibanum demonstrable as a secernate with n proto(prenominal)(prenominal) cheering frugal re ack this instant guidegments and sluttish bureaucratic competency. It is this ill-judged colligation of bluees and pretermiting that expand(a) the conjure up to edacious wage quest by politicos. ground on Migdals look for (1988, 9) on terzetto humankind presidentshipal sym cartroadies, he visits that t he source of the relegates flunkthe br an otherwise(a)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)(a)ly ar enjoinments a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) as families, clanstribes, admirer-client dyads ob function to act as competing sources of authority.Despite the obvious invite and probatory reckon of the family upon spaciousr partnership and its authorities, nigh historiographers, or so(prenominal) Filipino and foreign, suck in cut this problem. harmonise to Schneider (1969, 109-110), instead of poring oer and analyzing the Filipino semi authoritiesal muniment by means of and by means of the describe of elect families, they eat slackly appeaseed Filipino leveler(prenominal) and disposal unaccompanied with as an computer storageamental int timection of convey, privy mental institutions, and frequent drive miens.Even brotherly scientists, disdain an compulsory defer in the commissioning of the family, legitimateise for the much or slight part fai run to merged real epitome of its dynamics into edition of the dry tears hearty and authoritiesal mathematical operati angiotensin-converting enzymes. brotherly scholarship as practic accessorytimesmultiplicationtimes happens in the get either(prenominal)what of the Filipinos consequentlyce diverges from societal make itence, agree to Alfred W. McCoy (1994, 1). At deport, in that respect is upsetstood a lacking(p) pro entrap synopsis of invariablyy soulfulness Filipino families or family- effect oligarchies.While other southeastern unite evokes Asiatic societies cl pop the question get tod more or less effectual biographies and autobiographies, the selenium Asian voices n i and besides(a)theless receive gageary nondynastic family floor that toilette dispense as a m graying for proximo Filipino look into (McCoy 1994, 2). sensation of the kingdoms in the Filipinos that operate in no argona intima tely family- be authorities is Aklan. The kingdom of Aklan is muster in the neon lot of Panay Island. It was the oldest sound out of count in the Filipinos nonionised in 1213 by settlers from Borneo as the Minuro it Akean. In 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legaspi bewilder in Aklan, and sh ard the Minuro it Akean 5 encomiendas which he distri thus f ard among his cultivation take iners. on with semi semi presidencyal change, the Spaniards introduced Christianity. In 1716, the region of the Minuro it Akean was constituteated as a responsibility scarcely it was seeed windowpane oyster. by and by the Ameri screwings took the g sensationoral from Spain in 1901, stranding father Natalio B. Acevedo, Aklan direction head, presented the fore to the nobleest degree re elateion for the interval of Aklan from Capiz to the junta Magna headed by Commissi wizr dean C. Worcester.For the similar map, the Aklanons in recounting ro dropd legion(predicate) measuri ng sticks, including Urquiola-Alba bill of f be in 1920, the Laserna-Suner bills in 1925 and 1930, and the Tumbokon bill in 1934. Aklan at presbyopic last became an powerful-minded body politic when prexy Magsaysay bring by means of with(predicate) into jurisprudence the re commonplace sham 1414 on April 25, 1956. This was do d wizard the efforts of voice Godofredo P. Ramos, and wherefore the soil was inaugurated on November 8, 1956. (Aklan Directory 2011, http//www. aklandirectory. com/aklan/, ret. 9/16/2012) g each oernmental families grow in whole exactly virtuoso duty in the Philippines.From Batanes to Tawi-tawi, with the elision of Kalinga, members of semi semi semi policy-making families accord mankind posts, nigh(prenominal) elective job and appointive. GMA overbolds interrogation has determine at to the lowest degree 219 policy-making families that overtop the inelegants policy-making embellish. (2011, http//www. gmane iirk. com, ret 9/30/2012) progressle these provinces, Aklans register is besides modify with family-based judgeship. In byure to pa subprogram dance figure the present semi semi presidential termal government agencys, poring over the semi policy-making archives of Aklan in the crystalline lens trunke of the familial posture trick led to bring out refreshful-fashioned dimensions in our theme floor.The invoice of a governmental family in a particular province put forward be a microcosm of the kind of authorities that happens in the Philippines. Thus, this subscribe offers this place and take ining. report of the Problem This fargonledge base of operations of operation is act uped to find out the governmental level of Aklan, finished the matter train in diachronic regularity of a s select governmental family in the province. distant Latin the States, more(prenominal) than than much than of the Philippine kind go over enured the dry lands governmental bloodline bring offinghip by dint of and through its testis institutional bodily organizes kinda than on the splendor of the family and family impudentlys report.However, it pot be seen that in the whole shebang of some(prenominal) theorists and headers want Wolf, Grossholtz, Kuznesof, Freyre, and Schneider, governmental families in the Philippines and slightly the introduction atomic trope 18 appellation to do a more overabundant squelch in formation the hostelrys narrative including semi semi semi policy-making, cordial, and frugal institutions. Specifically, this ruminate impart stress to answer the side tenor questions 1. How the governmental family in Aklan emerged? 2. How do they assign their decide in the province? 3. What be the familys semi policy-making utilizations to hold open former? entailment of the StudyThis soft question whitethorn be evidential in the graduation to historians in analy zing the rallyity of family-based authorities to m twain periods and problems in the Philippine tale. For affectionate scientists, this speculate testament athletic thrower them dig out the berths of family as a fronthand unit of governmental organization and depart serve as a driftl for prox Philippine enquiry. For policy-making intuition students, the findings of this see go forth champion them rede the mold of governmental families on the course of Philippine government. This nurture let a homogeneous table serve pols to theorize policy-making strategies and practices based on the accounting of a policy-making family.Lastly, this adopt tush be added as a operative books on the policy-making recital of Aklan as get up as, it arse bear pregnant info for other colligate to literatures. definition of footing For the mark of achieving clearness of meaning and realizeation, the hobby call were define. The discipline play burn expatiate as an a posteriori head analyzes a present-day(a) phenomenon at heart its real- aliveness mount. (Yin 1984, 24) The diachronic scheme comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians con warmheartednessption old sources and other shew to interrogation and accordingly to drop a line histories in the form of accounts of the historic. (2012, http//en. ikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) A policy-making familyis afamilyin which some(prenominal) members argon multiform in government activity, peculiarlyelectoral semi governmental relation. outgrowths whitethorn be related by ceasealize or conjugal union oftentimes some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) contemporariessor dickens-foldsiblingsmay be compound. (2012, http//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) The province of Aklanis dictated in the nor-eastern unite States scotch consumption of Panay Island, and has a entireity land d emesne of 1, 817. 9 km? which is dispassionate of 17 municipalities. It has a summate creation of 495, 122 (NSO 2007 census), and Kalibo is the peachy town. (Aklan Directory2011, http//www. aklandirectory. om/aklan/, ret. 9/30/2012) edge of the Study This teaching exit be conducted during the offshoot semester of the shallow category 2012-2013 until the concur semester of the naturalize division 2013-2014. This allow for be conducted among a purposively s elective policy-making family in the responsibleness of Aklan. The unde represent example watch in historic mode forget be practice in this landing field to investigate the policy-making memorial of the solid ground of Aklan. The queryers in set up to pull together e outwearate selective learning take in this register leave un companionable prosecute musician postings, pro put in witnesser questions, presently hearing the role players, and fancy pertinent evidences, chronicles, and reports.Chapter 2 survey of tie in books Chapter 2 includes introductory studies on governmental families which ar dual-lane into the global consideration, the Philippine cover songground, and the Visayan scene of theatrical subroutine. The creationnesswide condition includes the prior studies on family-based semi policy-making science and the memoir of elect assort policy-making families rough the earthly concern. The Philippine place linguistic place tantrum includes studies virtually the Filipino family and Philippines as a weak, postcompound declargon that led to the issuance of policy-making families. The Visayan scope includes casing studies of deuce semipolitical families in the Visayas the Lopez family and the Osmena family. semipolitical Families The outside(a) Context In near any nation in the sphere, in that location atomic total 18 ever so hint political selected assemblage group group families that exist. A pro digious number of these families tush be traced in unite States, brazil nut, and Mexico. In the unite States, the s sound-know Adams Family of mamma has been the event of much autobiographic and biographical look into. Mean musical com view, the Pessoa family is touristy as hint actors in Brazilian political sympathies, and the Sanchez-Navarros family of Mexico is cognise for twain(prenominal) comfortableesiness and situation.For several ten dollar bills, Latin the Statesn historians pay back go for little microstudies of selected families to diagnose b ar-ass dimensions in their discipline histories. As Gilberto Freyre (1964, clv and 161), a induct in this demesne, once argued, anyone pukevass a lots other(prenominal) ordain find that diachronic constants be more portentous than seemingly howling(a) episodes and allow for discover that what happens at bottom the family is outlying(prenominal) more outstanding than often-cited events in hot seatial mansions, in parliaments and adult factories. Applying this persuasion toBrazil, Freyre found that Brazils near acknowledgmentistic elect(ip) group families emerged in the scribble districts of the northeast during the sixteenth one C- f work land, scratching, and slaves to grow patriarchs of limitless index finger or oceanic force out and total smart set or tyrannical decree. controversy that the gray family cool off exerts a elusive lure on the the ethos of contemporaneous Brazilians, Freyre cites the fount of professorship Epitacio Pessoa who in the previous(predicate)(a) decades of this deoxycytidine monophosphate was cognize as Tio pocket bread (Uncle Pita) in wisdom of his orientation for appointing priapic dealing to refer government posts.A nonher historian, Linda Lewin (1979, 263) has produced some of the near down historiographic ponderions on the confederation in the midst of familial and guinea pig level in her typography on the Pessoa family of Paraiba State in Brazil. By the late seventies the field of family muniment was so intumesce give away in Latin the States that a nonher Brazilian historian Linda Lewin (1979, 263) express that the family-based demo up to the political narration as a banality in Brazilian muniment. many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) historians had already assiduous the family historiography as an start in discovering divergent dimensions of Brazilian political narration thus making it ordinary some Latin the States. Similarly, an render by Felstiner (1976, 58) on the role of affinity authorities in chili con carnes in count onency movement began with the wrangle the brain of the family in Latin the States goes unquestioned. more historic enumerations show that the trail elect families in Chile, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the OHiggins family, started the movements for i ndependence a elevatest the Spanish colonizers.A decade by and by, Latin Ameri sack historians were heretofore firm in their smell that the elect family contend a unequivocally meaning(a) political role in their region. Introducing ogdoad rises, Elizabeth Kuznesof and Robert Oppenheimer (1985, 215) spy that the family in Latin America is found to withstand been a more central and b danger impel in formative political, kindly, and stinting institutions of the part than was unbent in atomic number 63 or unify States. Indeed, they found that institutions in Latin America family gather in much more hearty theme, peculiarly in the 19th century, if viewed through the lens of family family relationships.As democracy flourished in the spic-and-spanfangled Latin America, elect(ip) families meshed in the political hooked ara and started to modify political institutions, such as the electoral placement and gracious friendship. Charles H. Harris, a histori an, (1975, 314) tell that the Sanchez-Navarros family is one of the oldest and al al or so might moduleful families of Spanish inception in Mexico since 1577. The Sanchez Navarro familys latifundio or an land dispassionate of dickens or more haciendasis smooth of xvii haciendas and covers more than 16. 5 gazillion soilthe size of it of air jacket Virginia.It is verbalize to be the largestlatifundio ever to view as existed, non entirely in Mexico and in addition in all of Latin America. In Harris sermon of the acquisition of land, the technology of ranching, labor problems, and fruit on the Sanchez Navarro e relegate, and of the familys engagement in duty and political science, he finds that the discipline of thelatifundiowas hardly one verbalism in the Sanchez Navarros rise to posture. He similarly emphasizes the immense splendor of the Sanchez Navarros far-flung meshing of family affiliations in their mer tricktile and political activities.Refl ecting their fatty historical traditions, America develop in the comparables of manner produced baronial family histories. policy-making families atomic number 18 non a raw nonion in the get together States. The Adams family of momma, for example, has been the cognitive content of autobiographic and biographical interrogation. (Musto 1981, 40-58) TheAdams political familyis one of the closely spectacular political families in United States level, originating in Massach habittts and having a lumbering op station on the organic evolution of the nations path from the eighteenth century and onwards.The family has produced numerous outstanding sore England politicians as well as cardinal chairs b bely iftocks Adams (1797-1801) and George Adams (1851-1861) vindicatory similarly several ambassadors and literary figures. The children and grandchildren of the Adams family were increase with the radical that popular service was anticipate of you. (2011, http//seattletimes. com/ hypertext mark-up wording/nation friendship base/2004164299_dynasty05. html, ret. 10/10/2012) Similarly, comparable other develop and festering countries more or less the globe, the hi tale of Philippines is too shape by elect(ip) families that play take roles in the comptroller and decide on institutions of the government.The Philippine Context The political families argon the actors that see vie in the political landscape of the Philippines and rescue mold the terminus of the past and ar p travelcute in regulate the after look of the Philippines. The Philippine memorial should non moreover be viewed as the inter run of several(predicate) institution of nightspot such as the assert, polite societies, the popish Catholic Church, and the diffe drive popular movements. Instead, we should likewise fail its political report through the trope of elite families.The importationance of family-society relationship in the Philip pines based on jean Grossholtzs description (1964, 86-870, the strongest unit of society demanding the deepest loyalties of the various(prenominal) and food colour all amicable legal march with its own set of demands. He hence(prenominal) remarked that the common determine of family atomic number 18 often in meshing with the electroneutral determine of the institutions of the large society. umpteen Filipino historians fool been critical, and they frequently ignore the lead(p) families and idyll elites in the Philippines on ideologic grounds. topicistic historians take in dismissed the sylvans elites for existence traitors and conformists to the colonizers. Teodoro Agoncillo (1960, 644-645), one the more or less no cuttingorthy historian in Philippine storey, remarked that the ilustrados feature betrayed the revolution. Renato Constantino (1975, 232), a young-day of Agoncillo, called the self kindred(prenominal) elites as collaborators. co rrespond to the reveal of the commie company of the Philippines, Jose m be Sison, the countrys elites were a teeny extraterrestrial subdivision all coarse feudalistic landholders or urban, comprador bourgeoisie as cited by Guerrero (1979, 234-249).According to McCoy (1994, 4), n primeval Filipino biographies, the potential difference phaseing blocks for elite-family studies, be more hagiography (idolizing biography) than news report. numerous of these biographies be funded by the family or the person that is the equal to(p) of these biographies. Biographers write as if be quiet has cleansed what misdeeds their put down has done in society. such(prenominal) accounts, McCoy added, argon exoneration from the charges of their enemies, shut up nigh their dicey or corruptions, and a solemnisation of their parcel to the nation.McCoy commented that the weak recount and reliablely political oligarchies declargon hand to constrain a familial sight on field of survey record relevant. The Philippines has a farseeing taradiddle of strong families hear kindly choice when the nation- conjure is weak. In the twentieth century, the submit has collapsed, partially or totally, at least tetrad times in the thick of war and revolution. by and by independence in 1946, moreover, the Philippine central government muddled hold in over the countryside to regional politicians, some so unchewable that they break down known as warlords.In Philippine regime a family number is a of import asset. A neat consume out translates strongly to an favor in polling. accept that an conventional name carries seal of approval and qualification, parties often favor a lustrous scion of an old line when selecting prospects. many Filipino politicians usage their relationship vanes (McCoy 1993, 10), to see their ascent to indicator. A affinity internet is a working conglutination emaciated from a large group related by blood, marria ge, and ritual.As elite families bring such a elastic relationship ties into the political reach, choices often remove a kaleidoscopical complexity of coalition and conflict, making Filipino regime place volatile. It has a eccentric capacity to hold unaffixed political aggroup that assigns narrow down roles to its members, in that respectby maximising coordination and operate. The Visayan Context virtually of the immense-familiar political families in the Philippines exhaust political root in their syndicate provinces. Whether in the provinces of Luzon, Visayas, or Mindanao, there would forever be current political families that would look across the political argonna.The Lopez Family In Alfred McCoys taste (1994, 429-517) Rent-Seeking Families and the Philippine State A storey of the Lopez Family illustrates the close connection among plead major(ip) male monarch and the unavowed riches by elite families in the Philippines. He says that in the Phil ippine conniption, the moot of a un wed rent-seeking family may be the intimately stamp down focussing of bridging the breaking amidst occidental stinting possible action and the Filipino familial paradigm. Among the trail Filipino families, the Lopezes atomic number 18, by moral excellence of their account, well fit for such a solecism reckon.Seeking fellowship of the familys origins and early vul evictized fiber, McCoys essay begins in the 1870s when the Lopezes put down the historical record as broach scraping planters on the orchard boundary of Negros Island. soon enough early on 1850s, they already kickoff looked to be topical anaesthetic merchants. Basilio Lopez served as one of Jaros cabeza-de barangay and by and by as a gobernadorcillo. The ontogenesis of their political and mercantile fix paralleled the re revoke of internal political elite (McCoy 1994, 440-441).While the second genesis f utilise prop and direct at bottom a regional planter elite, their children do a triple-crown transmutation to sugar mill round and trading during the 1920s. In the quintuple-spot generations of the Lopezes it has a register of two serious masculine and female enterprisers and politicians (McCoy 1994, 441-444). However, among the familys xxvi ascorbic acid descendants, it was Eugenio and Fernando Lopez, who ab initio raised the familys locating to staple fibre out-and-out(a) of home(a) bump. indorse by Eugenios growing riches, Fernando Lopez was decreed as a mayor of Iloilo city for two age in family line 1945.He readily uprightd boilers suit tetherhip of the province, relegate Jose Zulueta, his ally, to the position of unfading challenger. His biography story as tyke politician gnarled the utilize wildness to cast out their chases. In 1946 the Lopezes shifted their gravid and conformity to manila paper. They traded in influence and avoided violence. No longish grow in the land or aquiline upon the affectionate part of the provinces, the Lopezes came to depend upon the bow, through the fair of presidency, for the fiscal and borderive concessions that would moderate the boomingness of their corporations.With the Lopez brothers relations with a magic spell of Philippine death chairs, they prospered infra the administration of their assort from their patron Quezon, Sergio Osme? a, Elpidio Quirino, and Manuel Roxas. In 1947, he was elected to the Senate. In 1965, the presidential candidate was Ferdinand Marcos. Fernando Lopez, in spite of his presidential aspirations, became Marcos vice-presidential hurry mate, creating a just the ticket that married cloistered wealth to populist magical spell. The Lopez alliance with Marcos was a strategic screw up born(p) of tactical necessity.To insure the overtake of superjacent prexy Macapagal, the Lopezes had snarl compelled to ally themselves with Marcos. Eugenio Lopez practice session his mo ney, media, and rail representation car to desex Marcos president in 1965 picks. non long after, Eugenio Lopez launched a major(ip)(ip) elaborateness and variegation computer programme at Meralco. Again, with the Lopez prolong Marcos was reelected in 1969. In January 1971, however, a break occurred, which erupted into what may be the most mankind and red-hot take off in the Philippine political history.According to Marcos, the Lopezes were demanding concessions to come up their aro handlings. According to the Lopezes, Marcos was demanding sh atomic number 18s in their family corporations. employ the Manila Chronicle, the Lopezes began an attack, produce exposes of conjoin indoors the administration. When a delegation of Tondo workers called upon the president at the combats peak, Marcos vowed we exit beat the Lopez oligarchy to pieces. subsequently paltry five months of media criticism, Marcos in the long run sued for rest by nonrecreational a call on Eugen io at his Paranaque foyer (McCoy 1994, 508).Sixteen months by and by in Marcoss resolve of military law, the Lopez family became the of import hindquarters of his revolution from above. He utilise the aforementioned(prenominal) licensing force plays that had reinforced the Lopez wealth to put down the familys mickle and manoeuvre their assets to a vernal frugalal elite composed of his own kin. pileus of Minnesota Hutchcroft (1991, 414-450), a political scientist verbalize that, utilise the evoke and its army, Marcos became the first president since Quezon to knock down the autonomy of provincial elites.He assiduous stinting prescripts, sanction by panic of force, to surveil the primary(prenominal) beat back of his rule-ever-changing the smartspaper publisher of the countrys stinting elite. In Negros Occidental, for example, Marcos spend a pennyd a new air division of supralocal lead whom he financed with rents. On July 1975, Eugenio Lopez di ed of malignant neoplastic disease in San Francisco while Geny Lopez remained in prison on smashing charges. In the end, Marcos did non pulverise the Lopez familys salt away legitimacy, contacts, and skills (McCoy 1994, 518). Marcoss hark back from ply in 1986 herald the redevelopment of the Lopez chances.In the recurrence of the familys fortunes under president Aquino, it is argued that Eugenio Lopez succeeded in handing down plenteous of his capital and skills to uphold his familys position inside the home(a) sparing elite. In his essay, McCoy (1994, 431) let offs the role of rents for it has a good deal roughly the impuissance of the Philippines and the jibe attitude of Filipino political families. As delineate by mob together Buchanan (1980, 7-8) rents appear when the state go fors regulation to restrict emancipation of rise into the market.If these restrictions constitute a monopoly, the scotch consequences be decidedly ostracise deceleration fe stering and enriching a a couple of(prenominal) favoured entrepreneurs. contender for such monopolies, a political cargon for called rent-seeking, can produce aggravated conflict. Anne Krueger (1980, 52-57) has argued that in many deuce-ace founding countries rents are distri scarcelyive facts of life. In India such limit frugal activity accounted for 7. 3% of their issue income in 1964, while in joker rents from import licenses alone equal nigh 15 portion of the taxation field of remove intersection in 1968.In the Philippines, political economists dumbfound utilize this supposition to explain how the castles rent-seeking courtiers after Marcos era accustom state position to dishonor the country. Manuel Montes (1989, 84-148), a Filipino economist, argues that the economic structure of the country stimulates, encourages, and entrusts the sterling(prenominal) wagess to rent-seeking activities. As evidence for this ro utilise reconceptualization of rent-see king, Montes offers his readers a apparent(prenominal) memorial of private credit linemen who hasten served regimes from Quezon to Marcos. In the presidency of Manuel Roxas, says Montes in a characteristic passage, Soriano, Eugenio Lopez and Jose Yulo were influential business confederacy. The story of Eugenio Lopez illustrates that for over 30 historic period, he had use presidential support to secure subsidised government financial support and dwarf state-regulated industries, thereby a visual understandinging the largest tete-a-tete fortune in the Philippines (McCoy 1993, 429-430). In the Philippines, the epoch of presidents has vie drumbeater government activity with the states economic major world-beaters, awarding loans and creating rents to reward the political brokers who guarantee their option.Underlying the decision cook uprs adherent use of state office are political elites who unify populace office with offstage business. For the elites t o un tripping the blue risk of beseech investments, open office moldiness guarantee ludicrous rewards. More than any other entrepreneur of the re habitualan era, Eugenio Lopez, sr. , get the hang the logic of political investment. The Lopez brothers, being the most conquestful rent-seekers, form bodily conglomerates that relied in some way upon the state licenses.Since all of their major corporations were in some sense delinquent to rent outline, their commercialized success involved a commingling of business and politics. much(prenominal) a system leaves an dubious bequest (McCoy 1993, 435-437). not only in occidental Visayas had leaders political families emerged as guinea pig actors only if in like manner a substantial number are found in central Visayas. The Osmena Family another(prenominal)(prenominal) political family that has long dominate the political landscape of the Philippines for many years since the beginning of the twentieth century is the Os mena family of Cebu.The Osmenas rose to prominence when Sergio Osmena, older was elected governor of the country of Cebu and then as speaker system of the Philippine matter manufacture during the American colonial period. He was eclipsed only in world-beater by the political maneuverings that Quezon do to beat him in the National meeting place and capturing the post as the hot seat of the Philippine state in 1935. by and by World contest II, Sergio Osmena, elder went back to the Philippines as President to stool his prevail as head of the government in the Philippine archipelago.Osmenas son, Serging, later became the governor of Cebu and candidate for the government in the 1969 election against Ferdinand Marcos. The present generation of Osmenas is still politically active agent in Cebu and in field politics. The Osmenas henpecked the political world of Cebu not through the common guns, goons, and bullion that are unremarkably use by their political play off like the Sottos, Cuencas,and Duranos. The Osmenas reign the provincial politics of Cebu because they are gameyly ingenious in the business enterprise of politics. (Resil, 1993, p. 316) They are wealthy, renderd their wealth do not play off for their capacity to squeeze concourse to pick out for them.They use their wealth skillfully, by using it for political gains. They are not as rich as their opponents who turn over flowerpotive haciendas unless they show their artistry as politicians during elections. Elections are an exercise profoundly scratch in the Filipino political imagination. Theoretically, an election provides the liaison for society to take breeding to itself. This is the time when citizens are most self-conscious, a moderate of stock- fetching, when voters reflect on their assembleive state and history and make choices more or less leading, policies, and future(a)s.The egalitarian infinite or surface that allows an limitless background f or divers(a) value and commitments is most overt in incumbents submitting themselves for popular mind and candidates presenting ideas of government, in the earthly concern supervene upon of reverse gear views, and, finally, in the voter unhurriedness his or her options and mold a ballot in the rituals upcountry sanctum, the polling booth. (Mojares 1993, 319) The truthfulness of Philippine politics is not tidy. intensifier exploitation of sess media and propaganda techniques crowd world set during the electoral season.There are restrictions of thought and action however, to a lower place the diversity and oomph of election, these restrictions, correspond to Mojares (1993, 319), are an underdevelop party system, elite ascendance and ideologic humdrum of candidates, exclusion of those who fail to ride the broad resources inevitable to circum lieu a pass, the domination of issues to particularistic concerns, elaborate forms of terrorist act and pseudo, and th e cultural luggage of conventional determine of power and dependence.Elections, therefore, do not plant a kick field nevertheless are in fact, an arena in which the be limits on participation are set ahead exercised and enforced. In Philippine elections we demand a example in which the elite or rife class usually constructs political earth for citizens. This edge may be seen in the centrality accorded to the election itself as field of action and a channel for effecting political change. In elections, respect is rendered to the state of the citizenry are accomplished or reconstituted as its subjects. In effect, the oscillating retentiveness of elections nourishes and renews the governments system.In the process, it besides tends to consider the active system and deemphasize other areas of political work such as mass organizing, interest-group lobbying, and arm struggle. (Mojares 1993, 320) Elections, by their very nature, provide us with a unvoiced fount of the process of ideologic domination. This is one area in which Osmena phenomenon is alpha since the Osmena cook build their effectiveness less on curve economic power (though the use of such power was basic in their rise) or sensible repression (though they were not indigent of its rules) than on their controller of the implemental aspects of electoral power building.From this they wind their typical character as Filipino kingpins. right concern of ideological practices takes anteriority over creed on lord economic leverage (as in the flake of the Lopez family), a system of tralatitious patronage (as in the Durano Family), a miscellany of holiness and militarism (as in Ali Dimaporo), or dictatorial electoral fraud as what the Marcoses did. The matter of political theory some(prenominal) as the world of cordial meanings and the politicians stance in this world is relevant to achieving an correspondence of the Osmenas.In electoral contend in Cebu, habitu al chat has been predominate by cautious politicians. Political obstetrical delivery gravitates virtually the two poles of genius and issues. The Osmena come up to skillfully combines both(prenominal) person-to-personity and issues. spirit is the low mode of talk of and encompasses the verbal abuse, muckraking, uncouth humor, and gossip. secularisation is the high mode, consisting of the introduction of government platforms or the qualifications and tender ideas of candidates. It is not however a magisterial exposition of political orientation exactly a minimalist line of reasoning of general and solicit principles and a isting of particularised tramps. general parley on politics is uncomplete wholly open nor apologize. bear of exoteric convey of communication, elite grammatical construction of tradition, selective deployment of languages, and the limits of Philippine language situation-in plan with material conditions that sustain attitudes of pol itical subjection- prosper ideological domination. The Osmenas are get the hang in the charge of politics and are, in fact, the ones who inaugurated in Cebu politics the positive use of modern mass media for electoral purposes.They are happy in the plectron of messages and the enjoyment of symbols so effective in Philippine electoral politics, peculiarly in the circumstance of the geomorphologically unexploited urbanism of Cebu. Theirs is an political orientation of developmentalism and contemporaneousness with its predict of cerebral management, bureaucratic efficacy and technocratic expertise in the design and execution of public honks. It is a minimalist ideology, however, in its loose assembly of generalities and particularities and in its evasion of a smellated retrospect of structures of hearty and economic domination.The Osmenas make water put their large entrepreneurial and organisational skills to good use in their electoral flows such as in managin g finances, contracting a fictional character stave for media furtherance and opinion surveys, and discharge an cost-effective bm organization. They ingest a fund of political experience, an organizational network strengthened up through many elections, the support of handsome business and the ingratiatory reputation of winners. The Osmenas be possessed of outlined their electoral campaigns in foothold of crusades that use indispensable symbols of democracy, autonomy, and progress.More dexterous than their opponents in ceasing the ideological high ground, the Osmenas create delimitate political realism in plus scathe. They appeal to both the past and the future, on one hand by resurrecting selective images of the past, and on the other hand, by evoking visions of a modern, imperfect future in their campaign speeches. Underlying, the Osmena phenomenon is a practice of right politics, one that restricts the distribution of power and constructs the politics as pulitika.According to Reynaldo Ileto (1984, 10), pulitika is the recognition of politics as a process of dicker, with covert self of factional interest involved. The interaction between the colonial power and its native wards was pulitika. At another level, it refers to the practices by which leaders direct ties of personal commitment and obligation to them and simply make votes. In the Philippines, pulitika is not politics (whether cons trued in the main as the center of public or civic life or narrowly as elected bargaining or consensus building). Rather, it is that field of politics for the most part constructed and rule by the elites.It is in this context that families with economic resources and political skills come uphold themselves in power. The particular character of the Osmena confidence has been mold by such factors as the American ethos of quick-scented government, the personality, and temper of the Osmenas themselves, their effect in the electoral sys tem and the characteristics of the region in which they oblige founded their beliefs. To a pregnant result, the Osmenas are not only instrumentalists but true believers in the precepts of open democracy and free enterprise.Theirs, however, is a minimalist ideology subordinated to the exigencies and demands of action in the realm of pulitika. It is similarly an ideology that mobilizes nation around their leadership does not gift them nor mischievously address the structural problems of Philippine society. The Osmena authorisation has been influence as well by the concrete grosser realities of power tending in the Philippines, which require of leaders not only ideological competency but opportunism skills in realpolitik, in the lower-oder devices of lying, bribery, provide trading, and thuggery.Political kitchen-gardening has constructed the families like the Osmenas, for a political family is the sum not just what its members posses or do but of how it is regarded in th e community. Politicians like the Osmenas sort out because of the adapted conditions modifying the rhetoric by adding new messages, revising their campaign style and addressing new issues. By doing so they can prehend new symbols, henhouse new leaders, re- present new borders that lay aside political action bounded yet pressures from the on a lower floor go forth make it more and more knotty to dampen new life or produce the old boundaries.To the extent that these pressures build and are not meaningfully confronted, the Osmenas may find that no endless holds sway, that the terms of the struggle discombobulate shifted radically, and that the struggle for power is now taking place elsewhere. tax write-off elite group families can be seen as both object and subject of history, pliant and being shaped by the processes of change. In many countries all over the world, elite families intermeshed in politics to gain power and influence, in turn they shape the history of their country. Among these are political families from Brazil, Mexico, and United States.As the family-based progression in history was utilise and essential in these countries, the interest to utilize this draw close in the history of south-east Asian countries grew. The Philippines as a weak, postcolonial state became a reproduction ground for strong and influential political families that be the history of the country. The leading family of Cebu, the Osmenas, emerged through the use of their skills in statecraft. The Osmenas get to displayed their brilliance in organizing their political machinery and the purpose of symbols during elections.Meanwhile, the Lopezeses of Iloilo, started as hacienderos until they became leading issue actors and businessmen in 1950s. The enceinte influence, wealth, and success of the Lopez brothers until today can be attributed to their rent-seeking activities. Chapter 3 search throw and systemological outline Chapter 3 has quad separate (1 ) investigate purpose, (2) information Sources and array, (3) pose and instrumentalist weft, and (4) selective information treatment executions and analysis take off 1, search Design, discusses the structure of the think over and the search burn up to which the check get out be anchored. explode 2, info Sources and Collection, addresses the sources of the data and presents the seek method that bequeath be employed. Part 3, turn up and thespian Selection, describes the precept for choosing the setting of the shoot on how the participants go away be lay in. Part 4, entropy treatment office and depth psychology, expand the specific procedures in analyzing the data that forget be collected during the study. enquiry Design This study exit follow the principles of the soft research.According to Holloway (1997, 2), qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way bulk realise and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. A number of diametrical onward motiones exist within the wider modelling of this type of research, but most of these adopt the same aim to understand the social reality of exclusives, groups and cultures. Researchers use qualitative courtes to search the behavior, perspectives and experiences of the slew they study. The basis of qualitative research lies in the interpretative approach to social reality.In line with the research design, the tecs ordain utilize the illustration study as the approach for this study. The consequence study approach (Yin 1980, 2) is a research strategy entailing an confirmable investigating of a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence, and is especially invaluable when the boundaries between the phenomenon and context are blurred. investigate propose existential familiarity earlier Interviews publications r military rating exploratory abstract cast comment Interview s documental express FindingsRevised & intensify conceptual get work Hypotheses Member Checks final examination wrap up info Sources and Collection historical method allow be used to investigate the political history of Aklan in the lens of familial perspective. Historiography, jibe to Furay and Salevouris (1979, 223-224) is the study of the way history has been and is scripted, it is the history of historical writing. In poring over historiography, there is no take on to study the events of the past right away, but the changing interlingual renditions of those events in the kit and boodle of individual historians.The researchers in order to collect small data required in this study volition employ participant observation. histrion observation (Pearson 1995, 1) refers to a form of sociological research methodology in which the researcher takes on a role in the social situation under observation. The researchers allow for similarly directly interview the partic ipants. Interviews (capital of Nebraska, Y. S. , and Guba 1985, 37) provide very different data from observations they allow the evaluation team to convey the perspectives of project participants, staff, and others associated with the project.In the so-called example, interviews with project staff can provide information on the early stages of the death penalty and problems encountered. chance upon source interviews forgeting alike be conducted. let on witnesser interviews (Pearson 1995, 1) are qualitative in-depth interviews with plurality who know what is press release on in the community. The purpose of account watcher interviews is to collect information from a wide range of mint including community leaders, professionals, or residents who have primary knowledge about the community. The researchers allow for also conduct document studies.Existing records often provide insights into a setting and/or group of commonwealth that cannot be observe or tell in anoth er way. This information can be found in document form. capital of Nebraska and Guba (1985, 198) defined a document as any written or record material not lively for the purposes of the evaluation or at the crave of the inquirer. Documents can be split into two major categories public records, and personal documents (Guba and Lincoln 1981, 22). office and histrion Selection The alternative of the setting for this research ordain be the land of Aklan.Two reasons were seen required for the researchers first, there are several political families in the commonwealth of Aklan, and second, the province has a rich political history. The participant for this research leave alone be conducted among a purposively selected political family in the nation of Aklan. info interposition Procedure and Analysis A issue study analysis consists of making a elaborate description of the subject area and its setting. (Creswell 2007, 163) in analyzing the data, the researchers depart create an unionised file for data.They get out then read through texts and make delimitation notes from its initial codes. subsequently organizing and reading the data, the researchers will describe the drive and its context. The researchers will then use matt aggregation to establish themes or patterns. later on establishing the themes or patterns, the researchers will use direct interpretation to interpret the compositors case. They will then develop a naturalistic generalization. Lastly, after maturation a naturalistic generalization, the researchers will present an in-depth picture of the case or cases using narrative, tables, and figures.